The Mass:

The Jewish Passover and
Temple Sacrifice Fulfilled

by Charles Hoffman

This article is reprinted from the website, The Coming Home Network International, headed by Murcus Grodi. It is reprinted with their kind permission.

The Eucharistic and Passover (Seder) Liturgical Celebrations

The book of Exodus and the New Testament share several themes:

1. Delivery from slavery/sin
2. Manna/Bread of Life
3. Priesthood
4. Sacrifice
5. Covenant
6. Remembrance

These themes lead to rituals that express God's saving actions and our hope for things to come. Hence we have the Passover (Seder) celebration for Jews and the Eucharist for Christians.

The Seder and the Eucharist Have the Following Similar Main Elements:

1. == Memorial ==

   Seder — The Passover celebration reminds Jews of God's acts and what He did for them, i.e., freed them from slavery and brought them to the Promised Land.

   And you shall make response before the LORD your God, "A wandering Aramean was my father; and he went down into Egypt and sojourned there, few in number; and there he became a nation, great, mighty, and populous. And the Egyptians treated us harshly, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage. Then we cried to the LORD the God of our fathers, and the LORD heard our voice, and saw our affliction, our toil, and our oppression; and the LORD brought us out of Egypt with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm, with great terror, with signs and wonders; and he brought us into this place and gave us this land, a land flowing with milk and honey." [Deuteronomy 26:5-9]

   Eucharist — The Eucharist is a memorial of Christ's passion, death and resurrection. It reminds us that Jesus died for all people so that we can reach the Promised Land, heaven, and have eternal life.

   Paragraphs 1363 and 1364 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church state the meaning of memorial for Israel and the Church.

   1363 In the sense of Sacred Scripture the memorial is not merely the recollection of past events but the proclamation of the mighty works wrought by God for men. In the liturgical celebration of these events, they become in a certain way present and real. This is how Israel understands its liberation from Egypt: every time Passover is celebrated, the Exodus events are made present to the memory of believers so that they may conform their lives to them.

   1364 In the New Testament, the memorial takes on new meaning. When the Church celebrates the Eucharist, she commemorates Christ's Passover, and it is made present: the sacrifice Christ offered once for all on the cross remains ever present. "As often as the sacrifice of the Cross by which 'Christ our Pasch has been sacrificed' is celebrated on the altar, the work of our redemption is carried out."
    

2. == Renewal of the Covenant ==

   Seder — Through the eating of the Seder meal the Jew of today (and in all generations) is actually linked (not symbolically) with his/her forefathers in the Exodus. The following is recited in the Seder ritual:

   In every generation each one ought to regard himself as though he had personally come out of Egypt, as it is written: "And you shall tell your sons and daughters in that day, saying: "'This is what the Lord did to me when I came forth out of Egypt.' Therefore, it is our duty to thank, praise, glorify, bless and adore Him Who did all of the miracles for our ancestors and for ourselves. God has brought us from slavery to freedom, from darkness to a great light, and from subjection to redemption. Let us then recite before the Lord a new song."

   Eucharist — The Eucharist is the renewal of the new covenant because as a sacrament it unites us to Christ especially through the meal, Holy Communion; i.e., the eating of the true Bread of Life, the Body of our Lord. One might ask whether Jesus would replace a real renewal of the Old Covenant (the Passover celebration) with a "symbolic" renewal of the New Covenant (the Eucharistic celebration). There is nothing symbolic in Saint Paul's letter to the Corinthians:

   For as often as you eat this bread and drink the cup, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes. [I Corinthians 11:26]
    

3. == Hope of the Final Consummation ==

   Seder — The Seder expresses Israel's hope and faith for the fulfillment in the coming of the Messiah and the resurrection of the dead.

   Eucharist — The Eucharist is the pledge of the final consummation and the anticipation of the heavenly banquet.

   And when the hour came, he sat at table, and the apostles with him. And he said to them, "I have earnestly desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer; for I tell you I shall not eat it until it is fulfilled in the kingdom of God." And he took a cup, and when he had given thanks he said, "Take this, and divide it among yourselves; for I tell you that from now on I shall not drink of the fruit of the vine until the kingdom of God comes." [Luke 22:14-18]

The Seder and Eucharist Have Three Similar Essential Parts

The Seder —

1. The Haggadah, or the telling of the story of how God freed Israel from slavery in Egypt, gave them the Law through Moses, and established a covenant with them, through which they became His people (the Chosen People), and they in turn would worship Him as their God.
2. The blessing, thanksgiving, the grace at the meal.
3. The actual redoing of the saving event through the eating of the meal.

The Eucharist —

1. Liturgy of the word: the narrative of God's words and deeds which includes the writings of the prophets of the Old Testament and the memoirs of the Apostles (in their Letters and Gospels).
2. Liturgy of the Eucharist: our grateful response of thanksgiving that re-enacts those saving deeds, thus making us a part of them.
3. Continuing the distinguishing characteristic of Judaic worship, the congregation, after being confronted anew with God's mighty saving actions, engages in the sacrificial meal, Holy Communion.

Eucharist Fulfills the Jewish Passover

The seeds of the Eucharist were planted in the desert journey of the Jews more than 3,000 years ago, when God made Israel His people via a covenant. The Eucharist became reality on the night our Lord celebrated the Last Supper, i.e., when He replaced the Passover of the Old Testament with the Passover of the New Testament (which was His journey from death to life).

This is stated clearly in paragraphs 1339 and 1340 of the Catechism.

Jesus chose the time of Passover to fulfill what he had announced at Capernaum: giving his disciples his Body and his Blood:

Then came the day of Unleavened Bread, on which the Passover lamb had to be sacrificed. So Jesus sent Peter and John, saying, "Go and prepare the Passover meal for us, that we may eat it…" They went… and prepared the Passover. And when the hour came, he sat at table, and the apostles with him. And he said to them, "I have earnestly desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer; for I tell you I shall not eat it again until it is fulfilled in the kingdom of God." And he took bread, and when he had given thanks he broke it and gave it to them, saying, "This is my body which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me." And likewise the cup after supper, saying, "This cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood." [1339]

By celebrating the Last Supper with his apostles in the course of the Passover meal, Jesus gave the Jewish Passover its definitive meaning. Jesus' passing over to his father by his death and Resurrection, the new Passover, is anticipated in the Supper and celebrated in the Eucharist, which fulfills the Jewish Passover and anticipates the final Passover of the Church in the glory of the kingdom. [1340]

Article written 14 August 2018

As a Jew, Charles Hoffman fled the Nazi Holocaust, settling with his mother in England. In 1943, they migrated to the United States, where he was educated and trained in the Orthodox Jewish faith. While studying at the university level, he encountered Christianity for the first time. Several years of investigation ensued, during which Charles found the keys to Christianity in his own Jewish faith.

He came to believe in Christ and entered the Catholic Church, with his wife, Irma, following soon after. Subsequently, Charles was ordained a Permanent Deacon. Then his wife died. Charles chose to be laicized so that he could marry Sara, who worked for the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Charles has written a number of booklets, such as The Holy Rosary, Rich in Jewish Tradition; Twice Chosen; Jewish Roots of the Catholic Church; The Mass: The Jewish Passover and Temple Sacrifice Fulfilled; and Who Was Responsible for the Passion and Death of Jesus Christ?

Copyright © 2018 by Charles Hoffman
This material was originally published by The Coming Home Network International.
Reprinted with permission.